Tag: Taiwan

COVID-19

SARS-CoV-2 Update

davidcwrightmd

It’s time for our next 14-day moving average determinations for SARS-CoV-2 for the United States and my thoughts on vaccines and mutant viruses. We use the WORLDOMETERS aggregators data set to make any projections since it includes data from the Department of Veterans Affairs, the U.S. Military, federal prisons and the Navajo Nation.

SARS-CoV-2 infections are accelerating at a rapid rate in the United States and many other countries including the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Italy. This is caused by the Delta variants and the Omicron variant of concern. Omicron is at least four times as infectious as the already highly infectious Delta variants. UK scientists have found that the household secondary attack rate for Omicron is 21.6%, compared to 10.7% with Delta, meaning people infected with Omicron are twice as likely to infect household members as they would be if infected with Delta. They also estimate a “three- to eight-fold increased risk of reinfection with the Omicron variant.”

I would expect the Omicron variant to continue to mutate just like Delta. There are already two Omicron variants, BA.1 and BA.2. We expect to see additional Omicron variants as this isolate spreads rapidly around the USA and the World. As of 12/22/21 the Omicron variant, which was first seen in South Africa on 11/08/21, is now in all 50 states, Puerto Rico and the District of Columbia. It has also been identified in at least 92 countries. 

Omicron has mutations which decrease the effectiveness of current vaccines and monoclonal antibodies. The effectiveness of the new Pfizer drug, PAXLOVIDTM, should not be compromised by any of the current mutations in Omicron or Delta variants. Pfizer completed their filing with the FDA on 11/15/21. The FDA approved PAXLOVIDTM on December 22 , 2021.The FDA approved Merck’s drug Molnupiravir on December 23, 2021. On 12/23/21 CVS announced by fax it was selected by the Government to distribute oral PAXLOVIDTM and Molnupiravir. On 12/27/21 another fax from CVS listed which CVS pharmacies in California would have these drugs. Monterey County covers 3,771 square miles with a population of 434,061. Three CVS pharmacies in Monterey, Salinas, and Soledad are the only listed pharmacies in our county. Fresno County covers 6,011 square miles with a population of 999,101. Four CVS pharmacies in Fresno County are the only listed pharmacies.

In the PAXLOVIDTM study no deaths occurred in the treatment group. We are averaging over 1,000 deaths per day in the USA and Russia.  If PAXLOVIDTM is widely available and just 90% effective in preventing deaths, each country could prevent over 900 deaths per day. If Molnupiravir is widely available and just 50% effective in preventing deaths and hospitalizations, each country could prevent over 450 deaths per day. If drug distribution doesn’t occur rapidly then that’s at least 27,000 additional deaths in each country that could have been prevented in the next 30 days. For now only masking (N95 rated masks, please!), social distancing and vaccination will have any effect on these variants. Furthermore, we do not believe that a 5-day quarantine or isolation period is sufficient for any COVID-19 infection. The Taiwanese CDC agrees with both our recommendations on quarantine period and masking. In fact, the Taiwanese CDC has recommended N95 masking since the beginning of the pandemic (and made these masks universally available to their population). Taiwan has one of the lowest death rates per million during the course of the pandemic (see graph below). 

In the United States as of 12/31/21, SARS-CoV-2 deaths have increased for the third time in seven 14-day periods. There were 113 more deaths per day than in the last 14-day period. In the last 14 days, the number of infections has increased by 160,999 infections per day compared to the preceding 14-day period. Our infections per day have increased for the fourth time over the last 14 weeks.With travel and multiple holidays and events occurring in the next 60 days, we expect the infections to continue to increase. Unless people get vaccinated and get their third dose of the vaccine, we will see further spread of Delta variants like AY4.2 and an increase in deaths particularly in people with risk factors and over the age of 55. Anyone over the age of 5 years can now get vaccinated in the United States at no cost. This should get done immediately. 

A new variant, B.1.1.529 (Omicron), was first seen in South Africa on 11/8/21 with multiple new mutations, deletions and an insertion that was causing a doubling of new infections every 1.3 days in Gauteng, South Africa. In just 54 days, as of 12/31/21, Omicron has been found in 70 countries and 40 states in the United States. Unlike Delta variants in South Africa, Omicron is infecting and hospitalizing patients in all age groups but particularly children under five years of age and adults greater than 60 years of age. Increased vaccinations, vaccines against new mutants, drugs against 3C-like protease, increased mask usage and social distancing, which are part of the Biden SARS-CoV-2 plan, are all necessary to continue to stop further spread of mutants and reduce infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. Per CDC data ending in 12/25/21, the Delta variant still accounts for 41.1% of new infections in the United States, while Omicron accounts for 58.6%. It’s worth noting that in the last 30 days, according to GISAID, the United States has only sequenced 2.23% of cases. 

On 12/31/21, the United States had 443,677 new infections with twenty-two states and the District of Columbia failing to report. There were also 716 deaths (with 27 other states failing to report deaths). Florida continues to consistently under-report daily infections and deaths. The number of hospitalized patients has been increasing in many areas, and now 15,602 patients are seriously or critically ill; that number was 13,714 two weeks ago. The number of critically ill patients has increased by 1,888 in the last 14 days, while at least 18,603 new deaths occurred. The number of critically ill patients has increased for the third time in twelve 14-day periods and a large number of patients are still dying each day (average 1,329/day). 

As of 12/31/21, we have had 846,905 deaths and 55,696,500 SARS-CoV-2 infections in the United States. We have had 4,186,219 new infections in the last 14 days. We are adding an average of 2,093,110 infections every seven days. For the pandemic in the United States we are averaging one death for every 65.3 infections reported or over 15,206 deaths for each one million infections. As of 12/31/21, thirty-four states have had greater than 500,000 total infections, and 36 states have had greater than 5,000 total deaths. Thirteen states (Tennessee, Massachusetts, Ohio, Michigan, Georgia, Illinois, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Florida, Texas, New York, Arizona and California) have had greater than 20,000 deaths. Four states (Florida, Texas, New York, and California) have had greater than 60,000 deaths. 

On 11/20/20 in the United States, 3.70% of the population had a documented SARS-CoV-2 infection. California was ranked 41st in infection percentage at 2.77%. In North Dakota, 9.18% of the population was infected (ranked #1), and in South Dakota, 8.03% of the population was infected (ranked #2). As of 12/17/21, in the United States, 15.45% of the population has had a documented SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the last 13 months, 11.75% of our country became infected with SARS-CoV-2. On 11/20/20, there were 260,331 (cumulative) deaths in the US from SARS-CoV-2. In the last 13 months, there were 604,574 new deaths from SARS-CoV-2. For ten of those months, vaccines have been available to all adults. During these ten months, 242,232 people have died of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Many of these hospitalizations and deaths could have been prevented by vaccination, proper masking, and social distancing. 

As of 12/31/21, California was ranked 43rd in infection percentage at 13.57% and 10.04% of Californians were infected in the last 13 months. As of 12/31/21 42 states have greater than 16% of their population infected. Five states have greater than 20% of their population, which is not a list that you’d like to be on in 2021. North Dakota was at 22.85% (ranked #1), Rhode Island was at 21.81% (ranked #2), Tennessee was at 20,89% (ranked #3), Alaska was at 20.72% (ranked #4)  and South Dakota was at 20.25% (ranked #5) of their population infected. Forty-four states and the District of Columbia now have greater than 12% of their population infected. Only one state has less than 8% of their population infected: Hawaii (7.97%). Hawaii  and the US Virgin Islands still remain the safest places in the United States. Hawaii had its first patient with an Omicron (B.1.1.529) SARS-CoV-2 infection four weeks ago. 

The table below shows that if we rank the US states with the highest death rates per million population within the world rankings, we see that Mississippi has the seventh highest COVID-19 deaths per million in the world. New Jersey is 8th, New York, Louisiana and Arizona would be tied at the 9th highest number of deaths per million in the world, followed by  Arkansa at 12th, Arizona, Massachusetts and Rhode Island tied at 13th and Florida at 14th. The United States as a whole ranks 21st in the world for deaths per million population (2,559 deaths per million). California ranks 36th in the USA (and 37th in the world). If we look at the death rates per million in South Korea (108), Iceland (107), Japan (146), and Israel (884), they suggest that treatment outcomes are somehow different in these four countries. The same phenomenon can be seen in Scandinavia, where the death rate in Sweden is 1,498 per million, compared to 238 per million in Norway and 282 per million in Finland. The United States should take a closer look at how countries with low death rates (like South Korea, Iceland, Japan, Finland, and Norway) are preventing COVID-19 infections and treating COVID-19 patients. 

State or Country COVID-19 Deaths per million populationRank in USARanked within World
Mississippi3,511  1st7th
New Jersey  3,2694th8th
Louisiana3,2245th9th tied
New York 3,0856th9th tied
Alabama3,3562nd9th tied
Arizona3,3293rd9th tied
Massachusetts2,94111th13th tied
Rhode Island  2,894  15th13th tied
Arkansas3,031 8th12th
Florida2,90913th14th
California1,920 35th36th
USA2,55921st
Peru6,0221st
Bosnia-Herzegovina  4,1363rd
North Macedonia  3,8216th
Hungary4,0724th
Montenegro3,8215th
Bulgaria4,5062nd
Gibraltar2,96912th
Czechia3,3678th
Brazil2,88214th
San Marino2,93613th
Georgia3,2618th
Sweden1,49857th
Israel88487th
Canada79394th
Finland282135th
Norway238138th
Japan146154th
Iceland107164th
South Korea108163rd

A New Drug for SARS-CoV-2 Treatment

Pfizer has developed a reversible inhibitor of C3-like protease of SARS-CoV-2. The drug inhibits this key enzyme that is crucial for virus production. The compound, called Compound 6, is part of the drug combination PAXLOVID™ (PF-07321332; ritonavir), which just successfully completed a Phase 2-3 trial in humans in multiple countries. The preliminary results were announced on 11/5/21 by Pfizer. The results show that 89% of the hospitalizations and deaths were prevented in the drug treatment arm. The drug was administered twice a day for five days. No deaths occurred in the treatment group, and ten deaths occurred in the placebo group. The study was stopped by an independent data safety monitoring board, and the FDA concurred with this decision. Pfizer applied for an Emergency Use Authorization for this drug on 11/15/21. I had anticipated that the drug would be approved in the next 7 days. In my opinion, this agent, if approved, will markedly alter the course of every coronavirus infection throughout the world. 

The Threat of SARS-CoV-2 Variants

In response to the need for “easy-to-pronounce and non-stigmatising labels,” at the end of May, the World Health Organization assigned a letter from the Greek alphabet to each SARS-CoV-2 variant. GISAID, Nextstrain, and Pango will continue to use the previously established nomenclature. For our purposes, we’ll be referring to each variant by both its Greek alphabet letter and the Pango nomenclature. 

The WHO has sorted variants into two categories: Variants of Concern (VOC) and Variants of Interest (VOI). The criteria for Variants of Concern are as follows:

  • Increase in transmissibility or detrimental change in COVID-19 epidemiology; or 
  • Increase in virulence or change in clinical disease presentation; or 
  • Decrease in effectiveness of public health and social measures or available diagnostics, vaccines, therapeutics.  

The WHO categorizes the following five variants as Variants of Concern (VOC):

Source: World Health Organization

The criteria for Variants of Interest (VOI) are as follows:

  • has been identified to cause community transmission/multiple COVID-19 cases/clusters, or has been detected in multiple countries; OR  
  • is otherwise assessed to be a VOI by WHO in consultation with the WHO SARS-CoV-2 Virus Evolution Working Group. 

The WHO categorizes the following six variants as Variants of Interest (VOI):

Source: World Health Organization

Omicron cases sequenced as of 1/2/22:

Source: GISAID

Delta cases sequenced as of 1/2/22: 

Source: GISAID

Map of Delta sequenced transmissions:

Source: GISAID

B.1.640 cases sequenced as of 1/2/22:

Source: GISAID

Gamma cases sequenced as of 1/2/22:

Source: GISAID

Mu cases sequenced as of 1/2/22:

Source: GISAID

Watching World Data

Over the next few months, we’ll be paying close attention to correlations between the SARS-CoV-2 data, the number of isolates identified in various countries and states, and the non-pharmaceutical interventions (like mask mandates and lockdowns) put in place by state and national governments. Data on infections, deaths, and percent of population infected was compiled from Worldometers. Data for this table for SARS-CoV-2 Isolates Currently Known in Location was compiled from GISAID and the CDC. It’s worth noting that GISAID provided more data than the CDC.

LocationTotal Infections as of 12/31/21New Infections on 12/31/21Total DeathsNew Deaths on 12/31/21% of Pop.InfectedSARS-CoV-2 Isolates Currently Known in LocationNational/ State Mask Mandate?Currently in Lockdown?
World288,467,234(14,507,440 new infections in 14 days).1,638,2365,452,992(92,274 new deaths in last 14 days)5,9443.70%B2 lineageAlpha/B.1.1.7 (UK)Eta/B.1.525 (Nigeria/UK)Iota/B.1.526 (USA-NYC)Beta/B.1.351 (SA)Epsilon/B.1.427 + B.1.429 (USA)*Gamma/P.1 (Brazil)Zeta/P.2 (Brazil)A lineage isolateV01.V2 (Tanzania)APTK India VOC 32421Delta/B.1.617.2 (India)BV-1 (Texas, USA)Kappa/B.1.617.1 (India)Lambda/C.37 (Peru)Theta/P.3 (Philippines) Mu/B.1.621 (Colombia)C.1.2 (South Africa 2% of isolates in July 2021)R1 (Japan)Omicron/B.1.1.529 (South Africa November 2021)B.1.640 (Congo/France)NoNo
USA55,510,281
(ranked #1) 4,182,219 new infections in the last 14 days)		443,677
(ranked #1)		846,905
(ranked #1)20,186 new deaths in the last 14 days)		71616.68%B2 lineageAlpha/B.1.1.7 (UK)Eta/B.1.525 (Nigeria/UK)Iota/B.1.526 (USA-NYC)Beta/B.1.351 (SA)Epsilon/B.1.427 + B.1.429 (USA)*Gamma/P.1 (Brazil)Zeta/P.2 (Brazil)Delta/B.1.617.2 (India)BV-1 (Texas, USA)Theta/P.3 (Philippines) Theta/P.3 (Philippines) Kappa/B.1.617.1 (India)Lambda/C.37 (Peru)Mu/B.1.621 (Colombia)R1(Japan)         Omicron/B.1.1.529 (South Africa November 2021)B.1.640 (Congo/France)NoNo
Brazil22,287,521(ranked #3)   10,282619,109(ranked #2)8510.37%B2 lineageAlpha/B.1.1.7 (UK)Beta/B.1.351 (SA)Gamma/P.1 (Brazil)Zeta/P.2 (Brazil)Lambda/C.37 (Peru)Mu/B.1.621 (Colombia) Omicron/B.1.1.529 (South Africa November 2021)NoNo
India34,861,579(ranked #2)22,775481,486(ranked #3)4062.49%B2 lineageAlpha/B.1.1.7 (UK)Beta/B.1.351 (SA)Gamma/P.1 (Brazil)Epsilon/B.1.427 + B.1.429 (USA)*Eta/B.1.525 (Nigeria/UK)APTK India VOI 32421Delta/B.1.617.2 (India)Kappa/B.1.617.1 (India)Iota/B.1.526 (USA-NYC) Omicron/B.1.1.529 (South Africa November 2021)B.1.640 (Congo/France)NoNo
United Kingdom12,937,886(ranked #4; was #6 eighteen weeks ago)189.846148,624 (ranked #7 in world)20318.90%B2 lineageAlpha/B.1.1.7 (UK)Eta/B.1.525 (Nigeria/UK)Beta/B.1.351 (SA)Epsilon/B.1.427 + B.1.429 (USA)*Gamma/P.1 (Brazil)Delta/B.1.617.2 (India)Theta/P.3 (Philippines) Kappa/B.1.617.1 (India)Lambda/C.37 (Peru)Mu/B.1.621 (Colombia)C.1.2 (South Africa)Omicron/B.1.1.529 (South Africa November 2021)B.1.640 (Congo/France)NoNo
California, USA5,363,784(ranked #13 in world)39,04378,739 (ranked #20 in world)4913.67%B2 lineageAlpha/B.1.1.7 (UK)Eta/B.1.525 (Nigeria/UK)Beta/B.1.351 (SA)Gamma/P.1 (Brazil)Epsilon/B.1.427 + B.1.429 (USA)*Zeta/P.2 (Brazil)Delta/B.1.617.2 (India)Theta/P.3 (Philippines) Kappa/B.1.617.1 (India)Lambda/C.37 (Peru) Mu/B.1.621 (Colombia) Omicron/B.1.1.529 (South Africa November 2021)NoNo
Mexico3,969,686(ranked #16)8,024 299,285(ranked #5)1533.03%B2 lineageAlpha/B.1.1.7 (UK)Epsilon/B.1.427 + B.1.429 (USA)*Gamma/P.1 (Brazil)Delta/B.1.617.2 (India)Kappa/B.1.617.1 (India)Lambda/C.37 (Peru)Mu/B.1.621 (Colombia)Omicron/B.1.1.529 (South Africa November 2021)NoNo
South Africa3,276,529(ranked #18)




Exponential growth of Omicron occurring in South Africa. Children under 5 are infected.Quadrupling of daily infections in last four days.		11,754 on 12/31/21

16,055 on 12/3/21,11,535 on 12/2/21,8,561 on 12/1/21,4,373 on 11/30/21,789 on 11/19/21339 on 11/5/21		91,145 (ranked #17)845.72%B2 lineageAlpha/B.1.1.7 (UK)Beta/B.1.351 (SA)Delta/B.1.617.2 (India)Kappa/B.1.617.1 (India)       C.1.2 (South Africa, July 2021)Omicron/B.1.1.529 (South Africa, November 2021)B.1.640 (Congo/France)NoNo
Canada2,183,527(ranked #26)41,21730,319(ranked #29)124.87%B2 lineageAlpha/B.1.1.7 (UK)Eta/B.1.525 (Nigeria/UK)Epsilon/B.1.427 + B.1.429 (USA)*Gamma/P.1 (Brazil)Delta/B.1.617.2 (India)Kappa/B.1.617.1 (India)Lambda/C.37 (Peru)Mu/B.1.621 (Colombia)Omicron/B.1.1.529 (South Africa November 2021)B.1.640 (Congo/France)NoNo
Poland4,108,215(ranked #15)13,61397,054 (ranked #15)63810.87%B2 lineageAlpha/B.1.1.7 (UK)Eta/B.1.525 (Nigeria/UK)Beta/B.1.351 (SA)Delta/B.1.617.2 (India)Mu/B.1.621 (Colombia)Omicron/B.1.1.529 (South Africa November 2021)NoNo
Turkey9,482,550(ranked #7)40,78682,361 (ranked #19)16311.06%B2 lineageAlpha/B.1.1.7 (UK)Eta/B.1.525 (Nigeria/UK)Beta/B.1.351 (SA)Epsilon/B.1.427 + B.1.429 (USA)*Gamma/P.1 (Brazil)Lambda/C.37 (Peru)Mu/B.1.621 (Colombia)Omicron/B.1.1.529 (South Africa November 2021)NoNo
Russia10,499,982(ranked #5)20,638308,860(ranked #4 in world)9127.19%B2 lineageAlpha/B.1.1.7 (UK)Beta/B.1.351 (SA)Delta/B.1.617.2 (India)R1(Japan) B.1.640 (Congo/France)Omicron/B.1.1.529 (South Africa November 2021)NoNo
Argentina5,654,468(ranked #12)47,663117,169 (ranked #13 in world)2312.34%B2 lineageAlpha/B.1.1.7 (UK)Eta/B.1.525 (Nigeria/UK)Beta/B.1.351 (SA)Epsilon/B.1.427 + B.1.429 (USA)*Gama/P.1 (Brazil)Delta/B.1.617.2 (India)Lambda/C.37 (Peru)Omicron/B.1.1.529 (South Africa November 2021)NoNo
Colombia5,157,440(ranked #13)1,803129,942 (ranked #11 in world)419.97%B2 lineageAlpha/B.1.1.7 (UK)Beta/B.1.351 (SA)Gamma/P.1 (Brazil)Delta/B.1.617.2 (India)Epsilon/B.1.427 + B.1.429 (USA)*Iota/B.1.526 (USA-NYC)Lambda/C.37 (Peru)Mu/B.1.621 (Colombia)Omicron/B.1.1.529 (South Africa November 2021)NoNo
Peru2,296,831(ranked #23)4,577202,690(ranked #6)376.82%B2 lineageAlpha/B.1.1.7 (UK)Delta/B.1.617.2 (India)Gamma/P.1 (Brazil)Iota/B.1.526 (USA-NYC)Lambda/C.37 (Peru)Mu/B.1.621 (Colombia)Omicron/B.1.1.529 (South Africa November 2021)NoNo
Indonesia4,262,720(ranked #14)180144,094 (ranked #8)=61.53%B2 lineageAlpha/B.1.1.7 (UK)Delta/B.1.617.2 (India)Beta/B.1.351 (SA)Eta/B.1.525 (Nigeria/UK)Theta/P.3 (Philippines) Iota/B.1.526 (USA-NYC)Kappa/B.1.617.1 (India)B.1.640 (Congo/France)Omicron/B.1.1.529 (South Africa November 2021)NoNo
Iran6,194,401(ranked 10th; was 12th eighteen weeks ago)1,703131,606 (ranked #10)347.23%B2 lineageAlpha/B.1.1.7 (UK)Delta/B.1.617.2 (India)Beta/B.1.351 (SA)Omicron/B.1.1.529 (South Africa November 2021)NoNo
Spain6,294,745(ranked 9th) ———-89,405 (ranked #18)——-13.45%B2 lineageAlpha/B.1.1.7 (UK)Delta/B.1.617.2 (India)Beta/B.1.351 (SA)Gamma/P.1 (Brazil)Epsilon/B.1.427 + B.1.429 (USA)*Eta/B.1.525 (Nigeria/UK)Iota/B.1.526 (USA-NYC)Kappa/B.1.617.1 (India)Mu/B.1.621 (Colombia)Omicron/B.1.1.529 South Africa November 2021)B.1.640 (Congo/France)NoNo

What Our Team Is Reading This Week